Civil Law

Civil law in India deals with disputes between individuals or organizations concerning rights, obligations, and liabilities, excluding criminal offenses. It encompasses a wide range of legal issues, including contracts, property disputes, torts (civil wrongs), family law, and succession. The primary sources of civil law in India are statutes, judicial precedents, and customary laws. Key legislation includes the Indian Contract Act (1872), the Transfer of Property Act (1882), the Indian Succession Act (1925), and the Code of Civil Procedure (1908), which provides the procedure for civil litigation. The Indian Civil Courts are responsible for adjudicating civil cases, with appeals from lower courts going to higher courts such as High Courts and the Supreme Court. Civil law emphasizes resolving disputes through peaceful means, often encouraging mediation and negotiation before litigation. Over time, the system has been reformed to streamline procedures, ensure speedy justice, and make access to justice more affordable. Civil law aims to protect individuals’ rights, promote social justice, and maintain order in relationships, whether personal, professional, or contractual.